This week’s lecture provided valuable insight into the significant role that institutions play in shaping societal structure and ensuring governance, justice, and development. I learned that institutions whether formal (like the government, judiciary, and education systems) or informal (such as family or religious organizations) are fundamental in maintaining order, distributing power, and influencing human behaviour. One key takeaway was the distinction between formal and informal institutions , and how both types work together to support social cohesion and policy implementation. For example, while laws and constitutions are essential for governance, values and cultural norms also shape how those laws are followed and respected. The discussion on institutional failure particularly stood out to me. It highlighted how corruption, lack of transparency, or weak enforcement can lead to widespread inequality and a breakdown in public trust. This was especially relevant when we look...